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1
188
The Speech of Monkeys
·
R. L. Garner
120
[Sidenote:
MODES
OF
EXPRESSION]
At
the
point
where
we
begin
to
discuss
this
question
there
are
two
distinct
modes
of
expression,
either
one
of
which
can
be
used
without
the
other.
But
I
may
mention
here
a
cogent
fact,
that
in
the
lower
forms
of
life
the
normal
mode
of
expression
is
by
signs
with
supplemental
sounds.
In
the
higher
forms,
expression
is
by
sounds,
and
signs
are
supplemental.
And
from
the
lower
to
the
higher
forms
this
transition
is
in
harmony
with
the
development
of
physical
types.
It
occurs
to
me
that
signs
were
the
first
form
of
expression,
and
that
sounds
were
first
used
to
call
attention
to
the
sign
made;
and
by
an
association
of
ideas
the
sounds
became
a
factor
of
expression,
and
were
used
to
emphasise
signs.
As
we
ascend
the
scale
of
life,
sounds
become
more
abundant,
and
signs
less
significant,
and
in
the
middle
types
they
appear
to
be
of
nearly
equal
value,
while
in
the
higher
tribes
of
man
sounds
are
the
normal
mode
of
expression,
and
signs
or
gestures
are
used
to
emphasise
them;
and
thus
we
see
that
signs
and
sounds
in
the
development
of
the
faculty
of
expression
have
quite
changed
places.
This
is
consistent
with
the
observed
facts
within
the
limits
of
human
speech.
There
are
tribes
of
mankind
whose
language
is
scarcely
intelligible
among
themselves
unless
accompanied
by
signs;
and
it
is
said
of
some
of
the
African
tribes
that
their
gestures
are
more
eloquent
than
their
speech.
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