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165
The Aeroplane Speaks. Fifth Edition
·
H. Barber
154
=Wind-Tunnel=--A
large
tube
used
for
experimenting
with
surfaces
and
models,
and
through
which
a
current
of
air
is
made
to
flow
by
artificial
means.
=Work=--Force
×
displacement.
=Wind-Screen=--A
small
transparent
screen
mounted
in
front
of
the
pilot
to
protect
his
face
from
the
air
pressure.
Types
of
Aeroplanes.
The
first
machine
to
fly--of
which
there
is
anything
like
authentic
record--was
the
Ader
"Avion,"
after
which
the
more
notable
advances
were
made
as
shown
above.
The
Henri
Farman
was
the
first
widely
used
aeroplane.
Above
are
shown
the
chief
steps
in
its
development.
THE
AVRO.--The
aeroplane
designed
and
built
by
Mr.
A.
V.
Roe
was
the
first
successful
heavier-than-air
flying
machine
built
by
a
British
subject.
Mr.
Roe's
progress
may
be
followed
in
the
picture,
from
his
early
"canard"
biplane,
through
various
triplanes,
with
35
J.A.P.
and
35
h.p.
Green
engines,
to
his
successful
tractor
biplane
with
the
same
35
h.p.
Green,
thence
through
the
"totally
enclosed"
biplane
1912,
with
60
h.p.
Green,
to
the
biplane
1913-14,
with
80
h.p.
Gnome.
THE
SOPWITH
LAND-GOING
BIPLANES.--The
earliest
was
a
pair
of
Wright
planes
with
a
fuselage
added.
Next
was
the
famous
tractor
with
80
h.p.
Gnome.
Then
the
"tabloid"
of
1913,
which
set
a
completely
new
fashion
in
aeroplane
design.
From
this
developed
the
Gordon-Bennett
racer
shown
over
date
1914.
The
gun-carrier
was
produced
about
the
same
time,
and
the
later
tractor
biplane
in
a
development
of
the
famous
80
h.p.
but
with
100
h.p.
monosoupape
Gnome.
THE
MAURICE
FARMAN.--First,
1909,
the
50-60
h.p.
Renault
and
coil-spring
chassis.
1910,
the
same
chassis
with
beginning
of
the
characteristic
bent-up
skids.
1911
appeared
the
huge
French
Military
Trials
3-seater;
also
the
round-ended
planes
and
tails
and
"Henry"
type
wheels.
This
developed,
1912,
into
the
square-ended
planes
and
upper
tail,
and
long
double-acting
ailerons
of
the
British
Military
Trials.
The
1913
type
had
two
rectangular
tail-planes
and
better
seating
arrangements,
known
affectionately
as
the
"mechanical
cow";
the
same
year
came
the
first
"shorthorn,"
with
two
tail-planes
and
a
low
nacelle.
This
finally
developed
into
the
carefully
streamlined
"shorthorn"
with
the
raised
nacelle
and
a
single
tail-plane.
Marker
Marker
Fine marker
White-out
Fine white-out
Circle
Paint
Unmarker
Hand
Scalpel
Dice
Sieve
Purify
Undo
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