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177
The Story of Alchemy and the Beginnings of Chemistry
·
M. M. Pattison Muir
160
The
phenomena
of
radio-activity,
and
also
the
phenomena
of
the
kathode
rays,
have
obliged
us
to
refine
our
machinery
of
minute
particles
by
including
therein
particles
at
least
a
thousand
times
lighter
than
atoms
of
hydrogen.
The
term
electron
was
suggested,
a
good
many
years
ago,
by
Dr
Johnstone
Stoney,
for
the
unit
charge
of
electricity
which
is
carried
by
an
atom
of
hydrogen
when
hydrogen
atoms
move
in
a
liquid
or
gas
under
the
directing
influence
of
the
electric
current.
Some
chemists
speak
of
the
electrons,
which
are
the
[beta]-rays
from
radium,
and
the
kathode
rays
produced
in
almost
vacuous
tubes,
as
non-material
particles
of
electricity.
Non-material
means
devoid
of
mass.
The
method
by
which
approximate
determinations
have
been
made
of
the
charges
on
electrons
consists
in
measuring
the
ratio
between
the
charges
and
the
masses
of
these
particles.
If
the
results
of
the
determinations
are
accepted,
electrons
are
not
devoid
of
mass.
Electrons
must
be
thought
of
as
material
particles
differing
from
other
minute
material
particles
in
the
extraordinary
smallness
of
their
masses,
in
the
identity
of
their
properties,
including
their
mass,
in
their
always
carrying
electric
charges,
and
in
the
vast
velocity
of
their
motion.
We
must
think
of
an
electron
either
as
a
unit
charge
of
electricity
one
property
of
which
is
its
minute
mass,
or
as
a
material
particle
having
an
extremely
small
mass
and
carrying
a
unit
charge
of
electricity:
the
two
mental
pictures
are
almost,
if
not
quite,
identical.
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