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177
The Story of Alchemy and the Beginnings of Chemistry
·
M. M. Pattison Muir
161
Electrons
are
produced
by
sending
an
electric
discharge
through
a
glass
bulb
containing
a
minute
quantity
of
air
or
other
gas,
using
metallic
plates
or
wires
as
kathode
and
anode.
Experiments
have
shown
that
the
electrons
are
identical
in
all
their
properties,
whatever
metal
is
used
to
form
the
kathode
and
anode,
and
of
whatever
gas
there
is
a
minute
quantity
in
the
bulb.
The
conclusion
must
be
drawn
that
identical
electrons
are
constituents
of,
or
are
produced
from,
very
different
kinds
of
chemical
elements.
As
the
facts
about
kathode
rays,
and
the
facts
of
radio-activity
are
(at
present)
inexplicable
except
on
the
supposition
that
these
phenomena
are
exhibited
by
particles
of
extraordinary
minuteness,
and
as
the
smallest
particles
with
which
chemists
are
concerned
in
their
everyday
work
are
the
atoms
of
the
elements,
we
seem
obliged
to
think
of
many
kinds
of
atoms
as
structures,
not
as
homogeneous
bodies.
We
seem
obliged
to
think
of
atoms
as
very
minute
material
particles,
which
either
normally
are,
or
under
definite
conditions
may
be,
associated
with
electrically
charged
particles
very
much
lighter
than
themselves,
all
of
which
are
identical,
whatever
be
the
atoms
with
which
they
are
associated
or
from
which
they
are
produced.
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