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1
177
The Story of Alchemy and the Beginnings of Chemistry
·
M. M. Pattison Muir
85
FIG.
XV.]
The
salamander
was
called
the
king
of
animals,
because
it
was
supposed
that
he
lived
and
delighted
in
fire;
keeping
a
strong
fire
alight
under
a
salamander
was
sometimes
compared
to
the
purification
of
gold
by
heating
it.
Fig.
XV.,
reduced
from
The
Book
of
Lambspring
represents
this
process.
The
alchemists
employed
many
signs,
or
shorthand
expressions,
in
place
of
writing
the
names
of
substances.
The
following
are
a
few
of
the
signs
which
were
used
frequently.
[Symbol:
Saturn]
Saturn,
also
lead;
[Symbol:
Jupiter]
Jupiter,
also
tin;
[Symbol:
Mars-1]
and
[Symbol:
Mars-2]
Mars,
also
iron;
[Symbol:
Sun]
Sol,
also
gold;
[Symbol:
Venus]
Venus,
also
copper;
[Symbol:
Mercury-1],
[Symbol:
Mercury-2]
and
[Symbol:
Mercury-3]
Mercury;
[Symbol:
Moon]
Luna,
also
silver;
[Symbol:
Sulphur]
Sulphur;
[Symbol:
Vitriol]
Vitriol;
[Symbol:
Fire]
fire;
[Symbol:
Air]
air;
[Symbol:
Water]
and
[Symbol:
Aquarius]
water;
[Symbol:
Earth]
earth;
[Symbol:
Aqua
Fortis]
aqua
fortis;
[Symbol:
Aqua
Regis]
aqua
regis;
[Symbol:
Aqua
Vitæ]
aqua
vitæ;
[Symbol:
Day]
day;
[Symbol:
Night]
night;
[Symbol:
Amalgam]
Amalgam;
[Symbol:
Alembic]
Alembic.
Marker
Marker
Fine marker
White-out
Fine white-out
Circle
Paint
Unmarker
Hand
Scalpel
Dice
Sieve
Purify
Undo
Redo
Start over
